According to the template override rule outlined here, then if I want to edit my child theme’s adminbar.css file then all I need to do is create a file called myCustomTheme/_inc/css/adminbar.css and it should automatically replace the current adminbar.css. But I just did that with my custom theme and it doesn’t happen.
Does the template override rule only apply to PHP and JS files but not CSS files?
No style.css which @imports the required stylesheets uses hardcoded relative paths to locate the imported styesheets. Copy adminbar.css to your child structure if you want to edit some of it, if you revert to the default theme at any time then the original style.css will be in effect and call the other original stylesheets.