Edit doesn’t work, so I guess I’ll reply to my own post. Apparently the change I’m looking for resides in cover-image-header.php. Making edits there works fine. This still doesn’t answer why there are so many templates and themes inside of buddypress or why there’s such redundancy in code between files or why the documentation is so poor.
Then again, the Edit link on your own website doesn’t work, so I’m just going to chalk it all up to “BuddyPress being BuddyPress”.